Engineering Nanomaterial Platform for Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Three-Dimensional Integration of Delivery Mechanism, Therapeutic Drug Delivery and Intelligent Material Design.

چکیده اصلی

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic intestinal inflammatory disorder with a complex etiology and a high recurrence rate. Conventional treatments face significant limitations in targeting, stability, and efficacy. Going beyond conventional reviews that focus on isolated mechanisms, this review offers a systematic integration of three engineering perspectives: how to deliver (targeting mechanisms), what to deliver (pathology-based therapeutic payloads), and what to use for delivery (smart material design). We highlight emerging nanoplatforms-including nanozymes, probiotic-based nano-delivery systems, and stimuli-responsive nano-delivery systems-that address oxidative stress and gut dysbiosis, two core pathologies of IBD. We also discuss novel approaches for delivering nanodrugs to target cells and advocate for the use of hybrid synthetic/natural materials to achieve a balance between efficacy and safety of nanomaterials. However, a critical gap that must be confronted is that the vast majority of existing studies remain confined to acute, chemically induced colitis models (typically 7-14 days), which poorly recapitulate the chronic, relapsing nature of human IBD. Systematic validation of long-term safety and efficacy including biodistribution, metabolic clearance, and chronic toxicity profiles over extended periods is urgently needed before any meaningful clinical translation can be contemplated. This recognition of the acute-to-chronic translation gap constitutes a central critical stance of this review. This is not merely a methodological concern but a fundamental barrier that pervades the entire field: the disconnect between acute model readouts and chronic disease outcomes has systematically inflated translational expectations while masking the true challenges of long-term efficacy, safety, and durability. Addressing this gap requires not only acknowledging its existence but also implementing concrete, standardized protocols for chronic model evaluation. Multidisciplinary collaboration is urgently needed to accelerate clinical translation.

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