Understanding barriers to human cytomegalovirus prevention: a mixed-methods study on hygiene recommendations for pregnant women.

چکیده اصلی

PROBLEM: Human Cytomegalovirus is the most common congenital infection worldwide, yet recommended hygiene measures to prevent maternal infection are difficult to implement consistently during pregnancy. BACKGROUND: Despite their effectiveness, adherence to hygiene recommendations remains suboptimal, suggesting a gap between recommendations and women's everyday realities. AIM: This study aimed to assess the real‑world applicability of hygiene recommendations for the prevention of cytomegalovirus during pregnancy in French-speaking Switzerland and to explore perceived barriers to their implementation. METHODS: A mixed‑methods design was used. Quantitative data were drawn from two cross‑sectional surveys conducted among pregnant or postpartum women (n = 834) and perinatal healthcare professionals (n = 341) to identify recommendations perceived as difficult to apply. These findings informed semi‑structured interviews with 12 mothers of young children, which explored barriers and facilitators to adherence. FINDINGS: Quantitative analyses identified avoiding contact with children's bodily fluids and ensuring partner adherence as the most challenging recommendations. Qualitative findings confirmed these challenges and identified three key barriers: insufficient and unclear information, high mental load linked to caregiving responsibilities, and recommendations perceived as only partially feasible in everyday life. Participants emphasised the need for clearer, pragmatic guidance and shared family involvement to support implementation. DISCUSSION: The findings highlight a misalignment between hygiene recommendations and women's experiences. CONCLUSION: Cytomegalovirus prevention strategies should prioritise clearer and actionable recommendations, improved professional training, and family-centred communication that avoids overburdening pregnant women. Integrating digital tools, prenatal education, and public awareness initiatives may enhance adherence and support more equitable prevention.

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