Biomonitoring of parabens and PFAS in dried blood spots: An LC-QqQ-MS/MS approach including free and conjugated species.

چکیده اصلی

BACKGROUND: Human biomonitoring requires sensitive, reliable, and minimally invasive analytical strategies for assessing exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Dried blood spots (DBS) offer important advantages for large-scale studies due to their low sample volume requirements, simplified collection, and easier storage and transport. In this work, a high-throughput and green analytical method was developed for the simultaneous determination of parabens, including free and conjugated species, and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human blood collected by DBS. RESULTS: The proposed methodology combines DBS microsampling with a miniaturized 96-well plate solid phase extraction (SPE) procedure, followed by liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-QqQ-MS/MS). The method was successfully validated, showing good linearity (R2 > 0.982), high sensitivity, with limits of quantification ranging from 0.01 to 0.5 μg/L, satisfactory recoveries (61-120% at 0.05, 0.5 and 5 μg/L), and precision values with RSD ≤ 20%. The method was applied to 51 human DBS samples, revealing a 100% detection frequency for methylparaben (MtP, 5.3-15.1 μg/L), ethylparaben (EtP, 0.4-5.9 μg/L), propylparaben (PrP, 0.3-4.5 μg/L), perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA, 0.9-20.2 μg/L), and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA, 0.4-3.8 μg/L). SIGNIFICANCE: The developed approach provides a robust, sensitive, eco-friendly, and reliable tool for the biomonitoring of parabens and PFAS in human blood. Its low sample volume, reduced solvent consumption, and 96-well plate format support its potential application in human biomonitoring and exposome studies.

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