زیرشاخه پژوهشیجنینشناسی
مقالهها، منابع و پژوهشهای تازه حوزه جنینشناسی
جستوجوی چندمنبعی
PubMedدسترسی آزاد2026
History and philosophy of the life sciencesMarilena Panarelli
This paper investigates the Recollectiones in Hippocratem De natura foetus, a unique Latin commentary on the Hippocratic embryological treatise, composed in the early fourteenth century by the Florentine physician Dino del Garbo. While the original Hippocratic text is concise, Dino expands it significantly, offering a rich and systematic exploration of the analogies between plant and animal generation. His commentary stands out not only as the sole known Latin interpretation of this Hippocratic work, but also as an exceptional instance of botanical inquiry within the medical-philosophical framework connected to the Bolognese medical school. Focusing on passages that address plant embryonic development, the study highlights Dino's systematic use of analogies between animal and vegetal reproduction, particularly through his discussion of seed-based generation and vegetative propagation. Philosophical works such as the Pseudo-Aristotelian De plantis and, though not explicitly cited, Albert the Great's De vegetabilibus appear to inform the broader conceptual background of the commentary. His reflections on seed anatomy, sexual differentiation, and the distribution of the vegetative soul reveal an effort to reconcile observations in plant science with a rigorous philosophical approach. By integrating Hippocratic empiricism with Aristotelian natural philosophy, Dino del Garbo offers a rare contribution to medieval plant science-one that bridges medical theory, botanical physiology, and metaphysical inquiry.
PubMedدسترسی آزاد2026
Daru : journal of Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical SciencesGeorgios Eleftheriou, Raffaella Butera
BACKGROUND: In the last decades there has been a growing interest in pregnant and breastfeeding patient's health and growing attention to the effects of drugs and chemicals during pregnancy and lactation. For this reason, many Teratology Information Services (TIS) have been established in Europe, providing information on known reproductive risks, conducting epidemiologic research and pharmacovigilance on drug-induced congenital malformations and cooperating within the European Network of Teratology Information Services (ENTIS). The Poison Control Centres (PCC) too may be contacted by patients for the use of drugs in pregnancy and lactation, and they can provide such advise with similar or lower confidence in comparison to the TIS. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to identify among the PCC members of the European Association of Poison Centres and Clinical Toxicologists (EAPCCT) those that provide information or intend to provide better information on the use of drugs during pregnancy and lactation to the patients or to health professionals, with a perspective of expanding the collaboration between these two associations by offering training through webinars or other type of scientific information. METHODS: We invited the PCC in Europe to participate in a survey asking if and how they provide information about medicines during pregnancy and lactation. A second survey was carried out among the ENTIS members in order to assess the overall patients need for such type of advice. RESULTS: Fifty-six PCC from 28 European countries received the invitation to participate in the survey. A total of 93% from 26 countries responded within 3 months after the first request. Sixty-two per cent of the PCC provide information on the use of drugs in pregnancy and lactation in the order of a 1,500-2,000 calls/year, while only 19% of the PCC include a TIS. Overall, 35% of the PCC were interested in expanding their knowledge in the teratology field. All 26 TIS from 16 countries participated in the survey: they provide information for more than 118,000 cases per year. CONCLUSION: The collaboration between the PCC and TIS is potentially advantageous in order to share information and to provide a training to the clinical toxicologists in the field of clinical teratology in countries where there isn't a TIS, especially in the Eastern Europe where the TIS are almost absent. This will in turn provide a benefit to the health care professionals who may lack an evidence-based knowledge on medication safety in pregnancy.
PubMedدسترسی آزاد2026
JBRA assisted reproductionRaquel Urteaga, Amelia Díaz
OBJECTIVES: Recent studies have highlighted the concerning prevalence of burnout among embryologists working in assisted reproduction (AR), with embryologists showing the highest levels among AR professionals. How-ever, data on burnout among these professionals across different world regions remain very limited. Therefore, this study aimed to assess burnout levels among embryologists across World Health Organization regions, with compari-sons among four regions. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study. Burnout was assessed using a worldwide online survey completed by 759 respondents from 74 countries. Participants com-pleted the 15-item Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey, which assesses emotional exhaustion, depersonal-ization, and lack of personal accomplishment. RESULTS: More than 80% of embryologists showed moderate or high levels of emotional exhaustion and de-personalization, whereas lack of personal accomplishment was present in a lower, although still substantial, propor-tion (67%). The comparison of means among Europe, Lat-in America, North America, and the Western Pacific showed only one significant difference: embryologists working in Europe had higher lack of personal accomplishment than those working in Latin America. However, significant differ-ences were found in the distribution of low, moderate, and high levels for all three burnout dimensions across world regions. Gender should be considered when studying burn-out in embryologists, as 97.8% of embryologists with high levels in all three burnout dimensions were women. CONCLUSION: Burnout is a serious global problem among embryologists working in AR. Future studies should investigate workplace stressors and preventive strategies to prevent and mitigate burnout, and should consider gen-der as an important variable.
PubMedدسترسی آزاد2026
Congenital anomaliesTetsuo Kon
Teratology, the study of congenital anomalies, has developed from a descriptive discipline into a mechanistic science focused on the proximate causes of developmental defects, meaning how such anomalies arise during development. However, a comprehensive understanding requires not only this mechanistic insight but also an evolutionary perspective on why developmental systems are susceptible to disruption, often following recurring yet diverse patterns. To better grasp this susceptibility, it is important to consider evolutionary contexts, including concepts such as evolutionary trade-offs, environmental mismatch, and the intrinsic properties of developmental constraints. This perspective is now greatly enriched by advances in genome sequencing technologies. In this review, we revisit the concept of teratology within an evolutionary framework, and highlight the profound impacts of modern genome sequencing technologies, which are reshaping our view of teratology, evolutionary biology, and life science as a whole. We proceed to explore developments in three key research areas, each corresponding to a different evolutionary timescale: vertebrate appendage patterning and its evolutionary origins, whole-genome duplication and ohnolog evolution as sources of developmental complexity and dosage sensitivity, and deeply conserved chromosomal organization and transposable-element dynamics across animal evolution. Finally, we propose a future direction for "next-generation teratology" that fully integrates evolutionary and comparative genomics with conventional teratology to provide novel approaches to understand, diagnose, and ultimately prevent congenital anomalies.